針對症狀治療(大補帖)

by ibstaiwan
專業醫療人士版本

針對腸躁症的病生理治療:

針對便秘型腸躁症的治療

大約一半的腸躁症患者有便秘的問題[1]。常見的狀況包含

  1. 排便需要很用力
  2. 排不乾淨
  3. 排便一顆一顆像羊大便
  4. 好幾天才排一次
  5. 覺得肛門口堵住了
  6. 需要用挖的[2]

其他加重便秘的原因包含:

嗎啡類的藥物、鐵劑、纖維量不足、水分不夠、運動量不足、甲狀腺疾病。

便秘的治療

低腹敏飲食可以改善腹痛、腹脹,但是不容易改善便秘的情形[3]。低腹敏飲食造成纖維攝取量下降[4-6],可能是便秘無法改善的原因。這個時候,補充水溶性的纖維,則可以改善便秘(例如燕麥/洋車前子(Psyllium))。而滲透壓性的軟便劑(Osmotic laxatives),例如腹樂疏(PEG的一種,商品名Forlax®),氧化鎂等等也可以改善便秘。

但是也有文獻指出,低腹敏飲食如果規劃恰當,不一定會減少纖維的攝取[7-8]。也有文獻認為,低腹敏可以改善便秘[9-11]。而另外補充纖維(例如奇亞子,車前洋子Psyllium等等)也可以確保執行低腹敏飲食的時候,擁有足夠的纖維攝取(25-30克/每天)[12]。

**不同的腹敏還是有不同的特性,以果糖(Fructose)/多元醇(Polyol)來說,屬於相對高滲透壓,可以增加腸內的水分。相較之下,寡醣(Oligosaccharides)特性就是容易發酵與產氣。因此,如果一位腸躁症患者在經過第一階段低腹敏飲食之後,脹氣的症狀有所改善,但是便秘還是一樣嚴重,或許在第二階段可以考慮優先把具有滲透壓特性(Osmotically active FODMAPs),也就是果糖(Fructose)/多元醇(Polyol)含量高的食物加回去。

不同腹敏對於腸道的影響
常見的高腹敏食物-依照腹敏分類

針對便秘的治療一增加纖維

如果便秘症狀持續,纖維攝取的總量/種類就應該適當的評估。如果原本纖維的總量不夠,而便秘症狀持續,就可以考慮慢慢增加纖維量,並在一到兩週之後達到纖維攝取的目標(每天25克左右)。需要慢慢增加纖維,原因在於一下子吃太多纖維,可能會出現腹脹、腹痛的現象。另外,增加纖維的總量,也應該選擇低腹敏的食物為優先。

如果是額外使用藥品補充纖維,則已經有統合分析的文獻證實,樂瑪可(學名Sterculia)或是台灣沒有的Methylcellulose對於IBS-C可以改善便秘的狀況[13]。水溶性的纖維,例如燕麥/洋車前子(Psyllium),也有幫助[13-15],但是增加纖維,應該要慢慢來,少部分的患者在補充纖維之後,有腹脹的狀況[16]。相對於水溶性的纖維,小麥麩皮(Wheat bran)則相對容易加重症狀[14-15]。

不同的膳食纖維

針對便秘的治療一水分的補充

適當補充水分,大約每天1.5~2公升是必要的。文獻中可以知道,水分攝取非常少的人,腸子蠕動會變慢[17]。在功能性便秘(Functional constipation)的患者,相對於每天只攝取1公升的水分,每天攝取2公升的人排便比較順暢,軟便劑的使用量比較少[18]。


針對便秘的治療一運動

活動量大的人,相對於只做靜態活動的人,比較不會便秘[19-20]。中等強度的運動則可以幫助排便[19,21-22],減少腹部的脹氣[23,24]。(根據國健署的身體活動指引,中等強度的運動應該就是有點費力,但是不會很喘。)

在為期12週的實驗中,如果患者慢慢增加運動到每週中等強度運動150分鐘,腸躁症患者的整體症狀、生活品質、焦慮緊張全部都有相當程度的改善[25,26]。

相較之下,如果是非常劇烈的運動,卻也可能惡化腸躁症的症狀[27]。


針對便秘的治療一咖啡

傳聞中,咖啡可以幫助排便。但是針對腸躁症的患者,目前缺乏科學上的佐證。

針對便秘的治療一軟便藥

軟便藥物在IBS-C的患者廣泛使用。整體來說,基於副作用的理由[28],滲透壓軟便劑(Osmotic laxatives)優先考慮使用[28]。其中,不易發酵(Non-fermenable)的滲透壓軟便劑,例如腹樂疏(Polyethylene glycol的一種,商品名Forlax®)相對適合。在便秘型的腸躁症,已經有Polyethylene glycol的臨床試驗,證實對於便秘的症狀是有效的[29]。另外在功能性便秘(Functional constipation)的患者,Bisacodyl(商品名Dulcolax®)則是被證實有效[30]。如果是會發酵的軟便劑,例如 (Lactulose樂多糖漿, Sorbitol and Prune)則可能造成脹氣更嚴重。


針對長期便祕,偶爾腹瀉的治療

沒錯,便秘會造成所謂的Overflow diarrhea,簡單的來說,這樣的狀況是因為長期便秘,導致以下幾個狀況: 肛門的平滑肌放鬆,直腸擴張,近端大腸反射性的分泌更多液體。以上的最終狀況,會導致患者一次排出較大量的水便(裡面可能參雜硬便),而讓患者 “覺得”自己腹瀉了。但本質上,主要是便秘造成的。還是要先解決長期便秘的問題。

針對腹瀉的治療

原因

  1. 腸道蠕動過快
  2. 膽鹽吸收不良的腹瀉
  3. 感染
  4. 治療

除了低腹敏飲食可以改善腸躁症患者腹瀉的狀況,還有以下的方法

纖維

纖維補充不但可以改善便秘,也可以改善水便的情況,特別是一些具有水溶性或是會形成膠體的纖維。

剛開始補充纖維的時候,要慢慢增加纖維量,如果一下子增加太快,就有可能會腹脹,或是排便習慣改變[31-32]。

益生菌

益生菌在臨床試驗當中,有些有效[33],有些則無效[34]。

藥物

  • Loperamide

這個藥物( μ-opioid receptor agonist)可以減少腸道蠕動,延長食物待在腸道的時間,進一步減少水分與電解質的流失。此藥物已經被4個隨機試驗證實,可以改善排便頻率、排便的型態、以及改善急著去排便的狀況。但是對其他症狀則改變不大。這個藥物可以需要時使用,或是保持每天一個固定的量,主要的副作用為便秘。

  • Rifaximin

Rifaximin是一種口服抗生素(目前台灣沒有),是腹瀉型腸躁症的治療選擇之一 [35] ,服用Rifaximin之後,可以改善部分症狀,例如排便不成形、腹脹與腹痛 [36] ,但是效果沒有非常持久,重複治療可能是需要的 [37] 。

  • Serotonin agents
  • 三環抗憂鬱劑 (TCA)

三環抗憂鬱劑的副作用是便秘,所以腹瀉型的腸躁症患者可以考慮使用。這個藥物可以減緩腸子蠕動,也可以減少整體的腸躁症症狀。也有小型的研究證實,這個藥物可以改善排便不乾淨的感覺,以及改善糞便的軟硬。

大概1/3的腹瀉型腸躁症患者有膽鹽吸收不良的狀況[38],相較之下,正常人則只有1%膽鹽吸收不良。但是針對膽鹽吸收不良,目前臨床上沒有很好的檢驗。腹瀉厲害的患者,可以考慮直接嘗試使用膽鹽螯合劑。


針對腸道蠕動變快的治療

有些腸躁症的患者腸道蠕動變快(腹瀉為主),有些蠕動變慢(便秘為主)。
如果是蠕動快的病人,可以把目標放在減少果聚醣(Fructan)/多元醇(Polyol),以減少食物攝取以後造成的滲透壓為目標(Osmotically active FODMAPs)。為這類食物更容易造成水分進入小腸,加速腸子的蠕動。
而易形成膠狀纖維(Gel forming fiber)的食物(例如奇亞子、洋車前子Psyllium、Ispaghula、Methylcellolose、Sterculia等等),或是親水性高的纖維,例如燕麥/洋車前子(Psyllium),則可以促進糞便成形[39-41]。


針對腸道蠕動變慢的治療

低腹敏飲食可以改善腹痛、腹脹,但是不容易改善便秘的情形[42]。低腹敏飲食造成纖維攝取量下降[43-45],可能是便秘無法改善的原因。這個時候,補充水溶性的纖維,則可以改善便秘(例如燕麥/洋車前子(Psyllium))。而滲透壓性的軟便劑(Osmotic laxatives),例如腹樂疏(PEG的一種,商品名Forlax®),氧化鎂等等也可以改善便秘。

另外運動,增加水分攝取,喝咖啡等等,都可以幫助腸道蠕動慢的患者改善症狀[46]。

促進蠕動的藥物,例如Mosapride,可以考慮在蠕動慢的患者使用。佐證文獻主要是針對Functional constipation的患者使用Prucalopride,可以改善便秘的情形[47]。


針對腸內菌改變的治療

可以考慮專門的抗生素Antibiotic therapy (with rifaximin) 或是益生菌Probiotic therapy (with Bifidobacteria)。

腸道敏感(Visceral hypersensitivity)的治療

可能高達65%的腸躁症患者有腸道敏感的問題,一般認為,低腹敏可以改善腸道敏感[46]。如果低腹敏飲食改善的不夠理想,則可以考慮使用抗痙攣的藥物(Mebeverine(Dobecon®) / Hyoscine(Buscopan®) / Otilonium(Catilon®))。

如果低腹敏的效果有限,其他的飲食注意事項,可以參考British Bietetics Association指南[48]


針對腹痛的治療

腸躁症的腹痛通常在下腹部[49],可以持續數分鐘到數小時,特性為絞痛,也有人描述刺痛、鈍痛。

治療的方法有:

  • 心理治療—Psychological therapies (such as gut-directed hypnotherapy), 
  • 薄荷精油—Peppermint oil(國外除了外用型的,也有口服型的)
  • 益生菌—Probiotics
  • 藥物:
  1. 抗痙攣藥物—Antispasmotics (e.g. Otilonium, dicyclomine, mebeverine and hyoscine)
  2. 抗憂鬱藥物—Antidepressants (e.g. Desipramine, amitriptyline, paroxetine, citalopram, sertraline)
  3. Prosecretory agents (台灣目前沒有e.g. Linaclotide, lubisperone)
  4. Serotonin agents (台灣目前沒有e.g. Alosetron)

腸躁症的常見藥物

針對腹痛的治療:抗痙攣藥物

抗痙攣藥物臨床上廣泛使用。因為腸躁症患者腹痛的原因,有一部分跟腸道的平滑肌收縮有關[50],而抗痙攣藥物正是針對腸道的平滑肌[51]。另外也有統合分析的文章證實,抗痙攣藥物可以減少腸躁症患者的腹部疼痛[52]。


針對腹脹的治療

腸躁症的腹脹,分成自己覺得脹氣,覺得像氣球一樣撐,但是外觀看不出來(Bloating);外觀看起來很脹,皮膚都撐得緊緊的,腹圍量起來真的變大(Distension)[53-55]。事實上,真的有腸躁症患者,Distension的時候腹圍可以差距到12公分以上[56]。Bloating跟Distension可以同時出現,也可以獨立出現。

脹氣bloating腹部鼓起來distension

腹脹的病人常會抱怨[57]

  1. 一整天下來,越來越脹
  2. 餐後腹脹加劇
  3. 隔一個晚上就好了

常常會聽到患者說自己脹的像懷孕一樣。而腹脹的患者特別容易出現在女性/便秘型腸躁症[57]。

針對腹脹,低腹敏飲食是一個有效的方法,其他治療的藥物包含:

益生菌、運動[58-59]、促進腸道蠕動的藥物、Prosecretory agents (e.g. Linaclotide, lubisperone)、抗生素Rifaximin

***應該再一次跟患者強調,腸躁症患者有輕微的腹脹算是很正常的狀況***

針對焦慮憂鬱:抗憂鬱藥物

兩類型藥物常用於腸躁症患者。三環抗憂鬱劑Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) 與選擇性血清回收抑制Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)。除了抗憂鬱,這兩種藥物皆被認為有其他作用機轉可以改善腸道症狀。

一般而言,便秘型腸躁症考慮使用擇性血清回收抑制,因為這個藥物會促進蠕動。而腹瀉型腸躁症考慮使用三環抗憂鬱劑,因為這個藥物會減緩腸道蠕動。

針對腸腦軸的影響(Enhanced brain-gut communication)

認知行為療法Cognitive behavioural therapy/催眠Gut-directed hypnotherapy的治療效果都有實證醫學的支持。


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