流行病學

by ibstaiwan
專業醫療人士版本

流行病學

腸躁症是腸胃科門診最常見的疾病之一,每個國家略微不同,但一般盛行率介於7-15%左右[1-3]。女性患者比男性多一點(1.5倍) ,台灣2005-2008國民營養健康調查,根據ROME III腸躁症的盛行率為4.4%,女生高於男生(1.5倍)[4]。而根據醫學中心健檢的問卷則發現根據ROME II,腸躁症的盛行率為22.1%[5],大多數患者在40至50歲前診斷。雖然報導出來的腸躁症盛行率已經很高,仍被多數專家認為,這些只是 “冰山一角”。有調查指出,只有1/3的腸躁症患者曾經接受正式的診斷[6 ]接受正式的診斷之所以重要,關鍵在於這個疾病雖然不是重大疾病,不會影響平均壽命[7],也不會增加大腸癌的風險[8],卻會影響患者的生活品質、日常活動、社交活動等等。而排便不正常、腹脹、放屁等等症狀所導致的緊張、挫折、與慮病(擔心得到了甚麼可怕的疾病),更是大大困擾著此類病患。

腸躁症盛行率

另一個腸躁症的特點是,症狀可能是間歇性,時好時壞、甚至隨著時間改變,出現新的症狀(從腹瀉為主,變成便祕為主)[9]。這樣的臨床症狀,如果沒有適時地就醫,不但對於患者產生極大的困擾,家屬也跟著焦慮,形成一種精神上的負擔。有報告指出,腸躁症的患者會因為相關症狀而不願意出門[1,10,11]。更有報告指出腸躁症的患者願意 “折壽”15年的生命,換取好的生活品質[12]。因此即時的就醫,透過醫師適當的診療,根據症狀學與相關檢查,做出“確診”(腸躁症可以確診嗎?? 請詳見診斷篇),並且依據症狀進行治療,是非常重要的步驟。

病因

腸躁症與功能性腸道疾病病因不明。這些疾病包含了以下的病生理改變: 1. 腸道蠕動改變(Motility change) 2. 腸腦軸的交互影響(The gut-brain axis) 3. 腸道過度敏感(Visceral hypersensitivity) 4. 腸道菌改變(Microbiota) 5. 急性腸胃炎後的腸躁症(Post-infectious IBS) 6. 遺傳因素(Heredity)

  1. 腸道蠕動(Motility change)
    加速或減慢的腸道蠕動,皆會影響排便的狀況。
  2. 腸腦軸(The gut-brain axis)
    精神與情緒的因素,都可能影響腸道蠕動的快慢、改變痛覺的閾值、影響腸道黏膜的生理功能(例如secretory and barrier functions)。目前對於到底是腦部影響腸道、腸道影響腦部,或是腦部、腸道雙向的互相影響,科學界仍有相當多的研究正在進行[13]。
  3. 腸道敏感(Visceral hypersensitivity)
    經由腸道蠕動學的測試證實,腸道過度敏感比較容易在腸躁症患者的身上看到[14,15]。換句話說,吃一樣的食物,承受一樣的壓力,腹脹氣的程度一樣,腸躁症的患者就是比較不舒服。
  4. 腸道菌改變(Microbiota)
    雖然有實驗發現,腸躁症患者與一般人相比,腸道菌不盡相同,但是這樣的差異到底是因是果,目前仍然沒有定論[16]。
  5. 急性腸胃炎後的腸躁症(Post-infectious IBS)
    腸道的感染,可能會改變腸道黏膜的通透性(increased mucosal permeability)與免疫功能,進一步可能造成以腹瀉為主的腸躁症[17,18]。
  6. 遺傳(Heredity)
    腸躁症有時伴隨著家族史,但是一般認為後天的習慣、環境因素等等,或許比基因影響來得更大[19,20]。

症狀

腸躁症是慢性、反覆性的疾病。簡單的來說,就是時好時壞。主要症狀包含腹痛、腹脹、腹部很多氣、常常放屁、排便習慣改變等等。症狀輕微的時候,甚至感覺自己已經完全好了,吃甚麼也沒有影響;症狀嚴重的時候,卻又覺得全身不舒服,症狀持續且嚴重、焦慮又挫折。也因為這樣的特性,腸躁症會影響社交活動、工作、求學等等,甚至造成患者不想出門(Social withdrawal)[12],精神壓力大。

病程

從10年的長期研究可以得知,2/3的患者在10年過去仍然有症狀[21]。更大型的系統性回顧也可以得知,腸躁症患者在診斷2年以後,30-50%患者維持差不多的症狀、2-18%患者變得更加嚴重、12-38%的患者感覺自己完全復原。

另外,隨著時間的改變,腸躁症患者的主要症狀可以在便秘型與腹瀉型互換,也有可能變成混和型(IBS-Mixed)[22]。一般在臨床上,腸躁症的患者較常在40歲以前診斷[23]。這樣的特色,某種程度說明了世代的不同,或許是因為年輕人比較會尋求專業醫師的診療,或許年紀大的人,腸道疼痛得閾值比較高(比較會忍耐?),或是比較懂得跟自己的症狀相處有關[24],這個部分也只能說是一種觀察到的現象,還需要更進一步的研究才能夠清楚說明原因。

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